PROCTOR, District Judge:

A passenger's time spent on a cruise ship is typically very relaxing, at least until it is time to disembark. In this case, the defendant-appellee NCL (Bahamas) Ltd., ("NCL") decided to make that last day of the voyage less stressful for its customers. To accomplish this goal, NCL implemented a new policy, called "Freestyle" cruising, which permits passengers to stay aboard for a longer time after the ship has docked on the last day of their voyage. Passengers, who would normally disembark very early, are allowed to stay on board until as late as 10:30 a.m. That is the good news.

The bad news, at least for the NCL employees who worked as senior stateroom stewards aboard the cruise ships, is that on that same day, while one group of passengers is leisurely disembarking, another group of passengers is eager to board and begin their cruise ship experience. Due to the arrival of these new passengers, NCL required the senior stateroom stewards to have all of the cabins cleaned by 2:00 p.m. This made it much more difficult for the senior stewards to timely complete their work. That is, although they began their work shifts at 7:00 a.m., for the most part, they were unable to begin cleaning the cabins until as late as 10:30 a.m. because the departing group of passengers was still enjoying their Freestyle cruise. This in turn allowed scant time to complete the assigned cleaning work by 2:00 p.m. In light of the substantial workload and the shortened time frame within which to complete it, most of the senior stewards adopted the practice of hiring helpers (out of their own pocket) to assist them in completing their work on embarkation day.

This appeal involves the claims of six senior stateroom stewards ("Seafarers") who worked aboard cruise ships operated by NCL. They assert that NCL has not paid them their full wages because their compensation does not take into account the amounts they were required to pay their helpers to complete their work on embarkation days. Consequently, they contend NCL is liable for compensatory and penalty wages under the Seaman's Wage Act, 46 U.S.C. § 10313, et seq. ("the Act"). The district court awarded them compensatory but not penalty wages. The only substantive issue in this appeal concerns the Seafarers' argument that the district court erred in not awarding them penalty wages.1 After careful review, and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Procedural History

This case originally was filed by thirty-two current and former employees of NCL. They asserted claims under the Seaman's Wage Act for unpaid wages and penalty wages, and also have advanced a state law claim for breach of the implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Their state law claim involves allegations surrounding their employment and collective bargaining agreements. After amendments to the pleadings and substantial motion practice, the number of plaintiffs and claims was narrowed, and the district court ordered the claims of the Seafarers (i.e., six of the plaintiffs2) to be tried first.

The Seafarers' claims were tried in the district court without a jury. On September 7, 2012, the district court entered its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. The district court found in favor of the Seafarers on their claims for unpaid wages under 46 U.S.C. § 10313(f) and for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The district court, however, found in favor of NCL, and against the Seafarers, on the claim for penalty wages under 46 U.S.C. § 10313(g). After liquidating the amount of prejudgment interest, the district court entered its partial final judgment with respect to the Seafarers' claims on October 1, 2012.3 This appeal followed.

B. The District Court's Findings of Fact

NCL owns and operates a fleet of nine cruise ships. The Seafarers worked on these vessels as senior stateroom stewards during the relevant time period — between May 14, 2006 and June 14, 2009. The Seafarers each signed an employment contract with NCL, under which NCL hired them for ten months. During these ten months, the Seafarers lived on board the cruise ships. They would then take two months of vacation before signing new employment contracts with the same terms and conditions. The Seafarers' employment contracts all incorporated the collective bargaining agreement executed by NCL and the Norwegian Seafarers' Union for Catering Personnel, a labor organization which represents all of the senior stewards. The collective bargaining agreement established senior stewards' pay rates and guaranteed that NCL employees would be entitled to one hundred percent of their wages minus approved deductions each month.

On embarkation day (the day a cruise ends, passengers disembark, and new passengers board), senior stewards had to clean between 30 and 35 cabins4 before new passengers arrived. On these days, their responsibilities included: (1) stripping the beds of linens and sheets; (2) separating the linens and sheets; (3) making the beds; (4) dusting the cabins; (5) sanitizing the cabin's handrails, door handles, closet doors, frequently touched areas, and telephones; (6) cleaning any used coffee pots and ice buckets; (7) separating the garbage into bottles, cans, paper, and plastic; (8) taking garbage to the incinerator; and (9) vacuuming the cabin and hallways. NCL had rigorous standards that required "immaculate" cabins and a quality control system to randomly check for cleanliness.

In 2000, NCL implemented its Freestyle cruising policy, which permitted passengers to stay on board later on embarkation day. This policy was designed to maximize relaxation for passengers. Prior to this time, NCL required passengers to disembark by 8:00 or 8:30 a.m. With Freestyle cruising, passengers could stay as long (or almost as long) as they wished. The senior stewards technically started their work at 7:00 a.m. on embarkation day, but under the Freestyle cruise system, passengers would leave their cabins much later. Indeed, few passengers would leave before 8:30 a.m., and most passengers did not disembark until 9:30 or 10:30 a.m. Because new passengers would venture to their rooms soon after boarding, NCL required that all cabins be cleaned by 2:00 p.m. This caused problems for NCL senior stewards on embarkation day. One NCL supervisor noted that with the Freestyle "concept we also advertise relax[ing] debark[ation] which puts another stress" on embarkation day.

Although junior stewards5 worked alongside the senior stewards, they offered little or no help, and in fact had their own separate work responsibilities. The senior stewards therefore had to complete a substantial workload in a shortened timeframe. And, if they failed to finish their assignments or rushed their work, they faced a quality control process that could lead to verbal and written reprimands. Thus, the senior stewards had to hire helpers to complete their duties on embarkation day.

In making the finding that the senior stewards needed to hire helpers to finish their work on embarkation day in a timely manner, the district court reviewed the testimony of various witnesses and the paper record. The district court discredited the testimony of four NCL witnesses who testified that senior stewards could finish their work without hiring a helper.6 The district court found two NCL witnesses on this issue, Cesar Lanic and Ronald Alcaraz, were credible and believable.7

The district court also commented that at least one voyage note indicates that the senior stewards complained about the need for helpers on embarkation day. Further, NCL employees mentioned in various e-mails that the senior stewards needed to hire helpers. In one e-mail, a former NCL hotel-operations director wrote that, because they had not hired helpers the day before, the senior stewards "were a bit negligent with their staterooms." Another e-mail noted that all senior stewards hired helpers except those lucky enough to have helpers assigned to them (and paid for) by NCL.

Based upon these documents and the trial testimony, the district court concluded that it was necessary for senior stewards to hire helpers to complete the work assigned to them on embarkation day. After making these findings of fact, the district court then explained its conclusions of law.

C. The District Court's Conclusions of Law

The district court concluded that the NCL had wrongfully withheld the Seafarers' wages in violation of the Seaman's Wage Act, but did not award penalty wages. As to compensatory wages, the district court determined that during the relevant claim period, NCL created a situation where it was nearly impossible for the Seafarers to clean all of their assigned cabins without "hiring" helpers. Therefore, the trial court concluded that NCL violated the Seaman's Wage Act by assigning the Seafarers an amount of work that could not be completed without the Seafarers using some of their wages to pay for helpers, and in turn not compensating them in a manner that accounted for the payments they were required to make to their helpers. Thus, the district court concluded that NCL owed the Seafarers an amount in compensatory damages equal to the money they used to pay helpers to complete the work on time. According to the district court, NCL's actions, in practice, constituted a withholding of wages under 46 U.S.C. § 10313(f). This finding is not challenged on appeal.

On the other hand, the district court concluded that a dispute existed about whether the back wages were owed and determined the Seafarers were not entitled to penalty wages under 46 U.S.C. § 10313(g). The district court provided two reasons for so holding. First, NCL had a reasonable belief the Seafarers' claimed wages were not due them. That is, from a technical viewpoint, NCL paid the Seafarers their full wages earned for the hours they themselves actually worked, even though it created a situation that forced the Seafarers to use some of that money to compensate helpers. Second, at least two senior stewards, Lanic and Alcaraz, told NCL they could complete their work without the aid of helpers because junior stewards helped them do so. Thus, the district court concluded that NCL had not acted arbitrarily, willfully, or unreasonably, and did not award penalty wages.

II. DISCUSSION

As explained above, the primary issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in failing to award the Seafarers penalty wages. The Seafarers contest the district court's ruling and argue that the district court should have awarded penalty wages because: (1) NCL did not meet its burden to show that the failure to pay was with sufficient cause; (2) the district court's finding that NCL violated the common law duty of good faith and fair dealing necessitates a finding of bad faith withholding of wages; and (3) the district court's other findings of fact demonstrate NCL's conduct was indeed arbitrary, willful, or unreasonable. For the reasons explained in detail below, we reject each of these arguments.

A. Standard of Review8

The standard of review that we apply when a party claims a trial court erred in its fact finding is a familiar one. "We review a district court's factual findings when sitting without a jury in admiralty under the clearly erroneous standard." Venus Lines Agency, Inc. v. CVG Int'l Am., Inc., 234 F.3d 1225, 1228 (11th Cir.2000). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a) dictates that we may review a district court's factual findings only for clear error:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a)(1), (6). This is a "highly deferential standard of review." Renteria-Marin v. Ag-Mart Produce, Inc., 537 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir.2008) (citing Holton v. City of Thomasville Sch. Dist., 425 F.3d 1325, 1350 (11th Cir.2005) and Fed. R.Civ.P. 52(a)). "A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when the entirety of the evidence leads the reviewing court to a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed." Dresdner Bank AG v. M/V Olympia Voyager, 446 F.3d 1377, 1380 (11th Cir.2006) (citation omitted); see also Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 573-74, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) ("If the district court's account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder's choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.")(emphasis added) (citation omitted).

B. Analysis

1. Seaman's Wage Act

Before discussing the merits of this appeal, we begin by reviewing the law applicable to the Seafarers' claims. The Seaman's Wage Act provides the following regarding payment of wages: "At the end of a voyage, the master shall pay each seaman the balance of wages due the seaman within 24 hours after the cargo has been discharged or within 4 days after the seaman is discharged, whichever is earlier." 46 U.S.C. § 10313(f). The statute further states that where a shipowner withholds a seafarer's wages and lacks "sufficient cause" for doing so, "the master or owner shall pay to the seaman 2 days' wages for each day payment is delayed." 46 U.S.C. § 10313(g). Under section 10313(f), the seaman is entitled to reimbursement of all wages unlawfully withheld by the shipowner. If the shipowner's withholding is found to be "without sufficient cause," section 10313(g) requires payment of additional penalty wages.

Once the Seafarers established their wages were wrongfully withheld, the burden of proof shifted to NCL to show that the delay in payment was justified (that is, it was not without sufficient cause). See Arguelles v. U.S. Bulk Carriers, Inc., 408 F.2d 1065, 1070 (4th Cir. 1969)("If delay in payment of wages is established the burden of proof is on the ship owner to show that his delay was justified."), aff'd, 400 U.S. 351, 91 S.Ct. 409, 27 L.Ed.2d 456 (1971). "The phrase, `without sufficient cause,' as used in [§ 10131(g) and its predecessor] means more than the absence of a valid defense to the claim for wages. Otherwise, it adds nothing to the meaning of the statute. In other words, a wrongful withholding alone does not establish the absence of sufficient cause." See Larkins v. Hudson Waterways Corp., 640 F.2d 997, 999 (9th Cir.1981)(internal citation omitted); see also Chretien v. Exxon Co., U.S.A., 863 F.2d 182, 184 (1st Cir.1988) (quoting Larkins, 640 F.2d at 999)(same); Henry v. S/S Bermuda Star, 863 F.2d 1225, 1241 n. 70 (5th Cir.1989) ("We do caution at this juncture that the double wage penalty is not triggered merely by a wrongful withholding."); Swain v. Isthmian Lines, Inc., 360 F.2d 81, 83 n. 5 (3d Cir.1966) ("It is well settled that the mere existence of an unlawful withholding does not, in and of itself, establish the absence of sufficient cause for that withholding.").

Courts have historically characterized a withholding as "without sufficient cause" when premised on willful, unreasonable, or arbitrary conduct. See Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564, 572, 102 S.Ct. 3245, 3250, 73 L.Ed.2d 973 (1982) (noting that the purpose of the penalty wages provision is to deter "negligent or arbitrary delays in payment"); McCrea v. United States, 294 U.S. 23, 30, 55 S.Ct. 291, 294, 79 L.Ed. 735 (1935) ("The statute thus confers no right to recovery double wages where the delay in payment of wages was not in some sense arbitrary, willful, or unreasonable."); Mateo v. The M/S KISO, 41 F.3d 1283, 1289 (9th Cir. 1994) ("`Without sufficient cause' has been characterized by admiralty courts as arbitrary, unwarranted, unjust, and unreasonable conduct."); Vinieris v. Byzantine Maritime Corp., 731 F.2d 1061, 1063-64 (2d Cir.1984) (recovery of penalty wages requires there "to be a showing of `conscious misconduct' on the part of the ship's Captain, ... which was arbitrary, unwarranted, unreasonable, unjust, and willful") (citation omitted).

Mateo, 41 F.3d at 1289-90 (quoting 1 Martin J. Norris, The Law of Seamen § 17:5, at 517-19, 17:6, at 519 (4th ed.1985) (citations omitted)); see also Henry v. S/S Bermuda Star, 863 F.2d 1225, 1241 n. 70 (5th Cir.1989) ("We do caution at this juncture that the double penalty is not triggered merely by a wrongful withholding."). Additionally, courts have explained that penalty wages are not recoverable if the shipowner had a reasonable belief that the wages were not due, if the shipowner committed an error in judgment, or if there was a dispute as to the wages owed. See Byzantine Maritime Corp., 731 F.2d at 1063-64.

Mindful that we must liberally construe the provisions of the Seaman's Wage Act in favor of the Seafarers, see, e.g., Isbrandtsen Co. v. Johnson, 343 U.S. 779, 782, 72 S.Ct. 1011, 96 L.Ed. 1294 (1952) ("Whenever congressional legislation in aid of seamen has been considered here since 1872, this Court has emphasized that such legislation is largely remedial and calls for liberal interpretation in favor of the seamen."), after careful review we conclude that the district court's factual findings which formed the basis of its decision not to award penalty wages were not clearly erroneous.

2. The District Court's Findings of Fact Are Not Clearly Erroneous

Initially, we pause to note the precise reasons why the district court concluded that NCL satisfied its burden to show its actions did not demand penalty wages. In part, this is necessary because the Seafarers have incorrectly asserted that the district court's sole ground for denying penalty wages was because two senior stewards, Lanic and Alcaraz, informed NCL that junior stewards helped clean the cabins. In fact, the district court provided two reasons for concluding that the Seafarers were not entitled to penalty wages. First, the district court found that NCL had a reasonable belief the wages were not due. That is, the trial court concluded that in a practical sense NCL had in fact paid the Seafarers the wages they were due for the work they actually performed, even though the company created a situation where they had to use some of that money to compensate helpers.9 Notably, the district court observed that (1) the Seafarers' theory of back wage liability, although a winning one, was novel and (2) its own research had not uncovered any opinion (published or unpublished) in which a shipowner was held liable under the Act for failing to compensate seaworkers for amounts paid to others. Second, the district court found that Lanic and Alcaraz told NCL they could complete their work using junior stewards, who helped clean the cabins. Based upon both of these grounds, the district court found the Seafarers were not entitled to penalty wages.

a. The Rule 52 Record Evidence Supports the Trial Court's Finding

The Seafarers' contention that NCL presented no credible evidence demonstrating its withholding of wages was with sufficient cause cuts no ice at all. The district court found that NCL presented two credible witnesses at trial on the issue of whether the senior stewards could finish their work without hiring helpers. It bears repeating that one of the grounds upon which the district court concluded the Seafarers were not entitled to penalty wages was the testimony of Lanic and Alcaraz.

Contrary to the Seafarers' arguments, the adverse credibility findings the district court made as to other NCL witnesses are irrelevant to the Rule 52(a) question before us, as that particular testimony did not inform the district court's decision not to award penalty wages. The district court credited the testimony of the two senior stewards who testified that they told NCL they were able to finish their work on embarkation day. Although they may have been "outliers" (and, in fact, were even classified as such by the district court), that designation is simply not determinative. The district court found their testimony believable, and based (at least in part) upon that evidence, the district court found the Seafarers were not entitled to penalty wages. Our role is not to decide that factual issue de novo. See Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 123, 89 S.Ct. 1562, 23 L.Ed.2d 129 (1969). Here, to be sure, there were at least two permissible views of the trial evidence. One such view (which was not adopted by the district court) would have allowed the trier of fact to discredit Lanic and Alcaraz's testimony for one of at least two reasons: (1) because they were outliers; or (2) because other witnesses testified that completing the work without the aid of helpers was impossible. But the point that the Seafarers fail to acknowledge is that the district court took a different, yet equally permissible view of the evidence — that despite their status as outliers, Lanic and Alcaraz were credible witnesses on an important issue of fact. Where, as here, we are presented with two permissible views of this testimony, we cannot say the district court, sitting as a trier of fact, was clearly erroneous in adopting one view over the other. See Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574, 105 S.Ct. 1504.

b. That the Seafarers Prevailed on Their Common Law Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Claim is Inapposite

The Seafarers also argue that because they prevailed on their common law claim for breach of the common law duty of good faith and fair dealing, it follows that NCL acted in bad faith under the Seaman's Wage Act, thus warranting the imposition of penalty wages. The Seafarers' argument is off the mark.

In reaching its conclusion that NCL violated the duty of good faith and fair dealing, the district court explained that under Florida law,10 a breach of this duty occurs "where one party to a contract uses its discretion to make it difficult for the other party to fulfill his contractual obligations." The district court noted that the Seafarers' payment to helpers did not constitute an approved deduction under their collective bargaining agreement. The district court also stated that NCL had wide discretion in deciding how much work and how much time was required of the senior stewards on embarkation day, as well as how much help the senior stewards were entitled to receive. Moreover, the district court found that the Seafarers could not have expected that their jobs would require them to pay, out of pocket, helpers to assist in the completion of their work. Thus, the district court concluded that NCL violated its duty of good faith and fair dealing.

The Seafarers contend that this finding necessarily compels the conclusion that NCL acted in bad faith for purposes of the penalty wages provision of the Seaman's Wage Act. However, this is simply not the case. Notably, the district court did not find that NCL acted in "bad faith" in connection with its conclusion that NCL breached its duty of good faith and fair dealing.11 Moreover, even if it had concluded NCL acted in bad faith for purposes of this common law claim, bad faith in the penalty wages context is measured against a different legal standard.

To determine whether a delay in payment under the Seaman's Wage Act was reasonable, courts have applied a subjective test based upon good faith. See Bender v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 166 F.2d 428, 428 (3rd Cir.1948) (concluding that the "sufficient cause" referred to in the penalty wages provision need not amount to a valid legal defense to the claim for wages); Byzantine Maritime Corp., 731 F.2d at 1063-64 (noting that the penalty wages provision should not be imposed "where payment is withheld in good faith under a reasonable belief that it is not due, where there is a bona fide dispute as to the amount owed, or where there has been an honest error of judgment in this regard") (citations omitted). In contrast, under Florida law, in the context of the common law duty of good faith and fair dealing, a finding of "bad faith" is an objective one that does not require a showing of subjective bad faith. See Vila & Son Landscaping Corp. v. Posen Constr., Inc., 99 So.3d 563, 567 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.2012).

Because the legal standards are different, we cannot say the district court erred in failing to award penalty wages on the basis of its finding that NCL violated the common law duty of good faith and fair dealing. Moreover, the district indicated that it appeared a dispute existed over whether the wages were owed. Indeed, in support of its conclusion regarding penalty wages, the district court noted that NCL had in fact fully paid the wages that the Seafarers claimed for their own work — it just created a situation where the Seafarers had to use some of those wages to pay helpers for assistance in timely completing that work. The district court concluded that a dispute existed over whether the wages were actually due and that NCL had a reasonable belief the wages were properly withheld. We conclude the district court did not commit clear error in these critical findings, and that these findings support its conclusion that penalty wages were not due, even if NCL breached the state-law duty of good faith and fair dealing.

c. The Trial Court's Findings of Fact on the Underlying Wage Claims Do Not Undermine Its Fact Finding on the Penalty Wages Question

Finally, the Seafarers argue that based upon the district court's other findings of fact and the record as a whole, they are entitled to penalty wages. The extremely deferential standard of review that we must employ and our own examination of the record lead us to the exact opposite conclusion.

The district court made two key findings of fact related to the Seafarers' back wage claims: that (1) NCL created a situation where it was nearly impossible for the Seafarers to clean their assigned cabins without helpers on embarkation day; and (2) NCL knew of the need for helpers to be utilized to complete most of the work. Based upon these findings, the district court found that although it technically paid full wages to the Seafarers for their own actual work performed, NCL was liable to the Seafarers for compensatory damages equal to the amount each paid to hire helpers to finish their work. However, these findings are of no avail to the Seafarers in connection with their penalty wages claim. They are simply not evidence of any willful, arbitrary, or willful misconduct on the part of NCL. Accordingly, we cannot say the district court erred by failing to award penalty wages based upon these findings.

As explained in detail above, the district court made findings of fact which are supported by the record, and upon which it based its decision not to award penalty wages. That conclusion will not be disturbed based upon other findings that have no bearing on the penalty wages analysis at issue below and on this appeal.

The Seafarers have pointed to the following evidence which they assert entitles them to penalty wages: (1) testimony from an NCL corporate representative that he could not provide a name of a senior steward who could clean his or her cabins on embarkation day without hiring a helper; (2) internal emails between NCL management stating that they knew helpers were used to clean cabins; (3) helper audits performed in 2006 to track the hours they helped senior stewards on embarkation day to determine if those helpers' extra work hours were in violation of International Labour Organization regulations; and (4) a financial analysis performed by NCL to estimate how much it cost the company to pay for the senior stewards' helpers. However, again, the Seafarers ignore the testimony of Lanic and Alcaraz, which the district court found to be believable,12 as well as the fact that this evidence was considered by the district court. We cannot conclude that the evidence necessitated a finding of an arbitrary, willful, or unreasonable withholding of wages, particularly in light of the district court's finding that a good faith dispute existed over whether the wages were actually owed as NCL actually paid the wages but created a situation where the Seafarers had to use some of those wages to hire others to help them complete their embarkation day duties.

The district court weighed the evidence, and found that although it was rare for a senior steward not to use helpers, NCL knew that some senior stewards were able to finish their work on their own or with the assistance of junior stewards. Thus, after reviewing the record and hearing oral argument, we conclude that the district court's findings upon which it based its conclusion not to award penalty wages were not clearly erroneous.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set for above, the partial judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.